Emanuel Bowen
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Emanuel Bowen (1694 – 8 May 1767) was a
Welsh Welsh may refer to: Related to Wales * Welsh, referring or related to Wales * Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales * Welsh people People * Welsh (surname) * Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peop ...
map engraver, who achieved the unique distinction of becoming Royal Mapmaker to both to
King George II of Great Britain , house = Hanover , religion = Protestant , father = George I of Great Britain , mother = Sophia Dorothea of Celle , birth_date = 30 October / 9 November 1683 , birth_place = Herrenhausen Palace,Cannon. or Leine ...
and
Louis XV of France Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (french: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached ...
. Bowen was highly regarded by his contemporaries for producing some of the largest, most detailed and most accurate maps of his era. He is known to have worked with most British cartographic figures of the period including John Owen and
Herman Moll Herman Moll (mid-17th century – 22 September 1732) was a London cartographer, engraver, and publisher. Origin and early life While Moll's exact place and date of birth are unknown, he was probably born in the mid-seventeenth century in G ...
.


Background

Bowen was born at Tal-y-Llychau (now
Talley Talley ( cy, Talyllychau, historically cy, Tal y Llychau, label=none) is a community and small village in Carmarthenshire, Wales.The population taken at the 2011 census was 494. The community is bordered by the communities of: Llansawel; Cy ...
),
Carmarthenshire Carmarthenshire ( cy, Sir Gaerfyrddin; or informally ') is a county in the south-west of Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre. The county is known as ...
,
Wales Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
. His father was Owen Bowen, a prominent member of the local
gentry Gentry (from Old French ''genterie'', from ''gentil'', "high-born, noble") are "well-born, genteel and well-bred people" of high social class, especially in the past. Word similar to gentle imple and decentfamilies ''Gentry'', in its widest ...
(i e. "a distinguished but not noble gentleman"). In 1709, Emanuel Bowen was apprenticed as a
merchant tailor In the Middle Ages or 16th and 17th centuries, a cloth merchant was one who owned or ran a cloth (often wool) manufacturing or wholesale import or export business. A cloth merchant might additionally own a number of draper's shops. Cloth was ext ...
to Charles Price. Bowen worked in London from 1714 and was admitted to the Merchant Taylors Livery Company on 3 October 1716.


Career

One of his earliest engraved works, ''
Britannia Depicta ''Britannia Depicta'' was an illustrated road atlas for Britain. It was printed in numerous editions over many decades from 1720 into the 19th century and updated with engravings by many artisans who worked from drawings of other artists. It feat ...
'', published in 1720, contained over two hundred road maps together with a miniature county map of each of the counties of England and Wales. It followed on John Ogilby's earlier work with updated style of historical and heraldic detail. It was an unusual feature of the atlas that the maps were engraved on both sides of each page, resulting in a handier-sized book. By 1726 he was noted as one of the leading London engravers. Among his multiple apprentices, the most notable were
Thomas Kitchin Thomas Kitchin (also Kitchen; 1718–1784) was an United Kingdom, English engraver and cartographer, who became hydrographer to the king. He was also a writer, who wrote about the history of the West Indies. Life He was born in Southwark, and wa ...
, Thomas Jeffreys, and John Lodge. Another apprentice, John Oakman who had an affair with and eventually married, Bowen's daughter. Other Bowen apprentices include Thomas Buss, John Pryer, Samuel Lyne, William Fowler and his own son Thomas Bowen. He published "A Complete System of Geography,'' 1744–7; an 'English Atlas, with a new set of maps,' 1745(?); a 'Complete Atlas ... in sixty-eight Maps,' 1752; 'Atlas Minimus; or a new set of Pocket Maps,' 1758; and a series of separate maps of the English counties, of Germany, Asia Minor, and Persia, between 1736 and 1776.'' A recurring feature of Bowen's work, evident even on the early road maps, was his habit of filling every corner and space of the map with jottings and footnotes, both historical and topographical.


Death

In spite of his royal patronage and renown, Bowen like many cartographers of his day, would die in poverty. His son, Thomas Bowen (1733–1790) would carry on the business, but would ultimately suffer a similar fate, dying in a
Clerkenwell Clerkenwell () is an area of central London, England. Clerkenwell was an ancient parish from the mediaeval period onwards, and now forms the south-western part of the London Borough of Islington. The well after which it was named was redisco ...
workhouse in 1790.


''Complete map of the Southern Continent''

Bowen's map, ''A Complete Map of the Southern Continent survey'd by Capt. Abel Tasman & depicted by order of the East India Company in Holland in the Stadt House at Amsterdam,'' was essentially a copy of the map
Melchisédech Thévenot Melchisédech (or Melchisédec) Thévenot (c. 1620 – 29 October 1692) was a French author, scientist, traveler, cartographer, orientalist, inventor, and diplomat. He was the inventor of the spirit level and is also famous for his popular posthumo ...
had published in ''Relations de divers Voyages curieux'' (Paris, 1663, v.1). Although Thévenot said that he had taken his chart from the one inlaid into the floor of the Amsterdam Town Hall, it appears to be an almost exact copy of that of
Joan Blaeu Joan Blaeu (; 23 September 1596 – 21 December 1673) was a Dutch cartographer born in Alkmaar, the son of cartographer Willem Blaeu. Life In 1620, Blaeu became a doctor of law but he joined the work of his father. In 1635, they published ...
in his ''Archipelagus Orientalis sive Asiaticus'' published in 1659 in the ''Kurfürsten Atlas (Atlas of the Great Elector)''. The map of the world set into the floor of the great hall of the Amsterdam Town Hall was drawn from Blaeu's world map of 1648. Once Blaeu's map of the world appeared other mapmakers, such as Thévenot, copied his depiction of New Holland. ''Hollandia Nova'' in the ''Kurfürsten Atlas'' is shown as it appears in Blaeu's world map of 1648. It appears to have been Thévenot who introduced a differentiation between ''Hollandia Nova'' to the west and ''Terre Australe'' to the east of the meridian corresponding to 135° East of Greenwich, emphasised by the latitude staff running down that meridian, as there is no such division on Blaeu's map. A legend on Bowen's map emphasised the separation between ''Hollandia Nova'' and ''Terra Australis'' that had been introduced either inadvertently or intentionally by Thévenot when he placed the two names on either side of the latitude staff running down the 135° East of Greenwich meridian. Bowen's map legend identified ''Terra Australis'' as the land described by Quirós by saying:
It is also requisite to observe that the Country discovered by Ferdinand de Quiros lies according to his description on the East Side of this Continent directly opposite to Carpentaria which if Attentively considered will add no small weight to the Credit of what he has written about that Country and which has been very rashly as well as very unjustly treated by some Critical Writers as a Fiction; Whereas it Appears from this Map of Actual Discoveries, that there is a Country where Ferdinand de Quiros says he found one: And if so why may not that Country be such a one as he describes?
Another legend added by Bowen to the map called for discovery and settlement of ''Terra Australis'':
It is impossible to conceive a Country that promises fairer from its Situation than this of TERRA AUSTRALIS, no longer incognita, as this Map demonstrates, but the Southern Continent Discovered. It lies precisely in the richest climates of the World....and therefore whoever perfectly discovers and settles it will become infalliably possessed of Territories as Rich, as fruitful, and as capable of Improvement, as any that have hitherto been found out, either in the East Indies or the West.
The territorial claim made by Britain when the colony of
New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...
was established in 1788 included all of Australia eastward of the meridian of 135° East dividing New Holland from
Terra Australis (Latin: '"Southern Land'") was a hypothetical continent first posited in antiquity and which appeared on maps between the 15th and 18th centuries. Its existence was not based on any survey or direct observation, but rather on the idea that ...
, as shown on Bowen's map.


Works

* c. 1714 ''Maps of the Continents.'' * 1720 (with John Owen) ''Britannia Depicta or Ogilby Improved.'' * 1744–1747 ''A Complete System of Geography.'' * 1744–1748 maps for ''Complete Collection of Voyages'' (Harris). * 1752 ''Complete Atlas Distinct View of the Known World''. * 1755–1760 (with Thomas Kitchin) ''The Large English Atlas'' (1763/1767/1777/1785/1787 further editions and enlargements). * 1758 (with John Gibson) ''Atlas Minimus'' (re-issued 1774 and 1792). * 1762 (with Thomas Kitchin) ''The Royal English Atlas'' 1778/1780 re-issued (1794–1828 re-issued as the ''English Atlas''). * c. 1763 (with Benjamin Martin) ''The Natural History of England''. * 1766 ''Universal History of the World''. * 1767 (with Thomas Bowen) ''Atlas Anglicanus'' (re-issued 1777). * c. 1777 (Thomas Bowen) ''The World showing the Discoveries of Captain Cook and other Circumnavigators''. * c. 1784 (Thomas Bowen) Maps in ''Rapkins's History of England''. * ''A Complete map of the Southern Continent survey'd by Capt. Abel Tasman & depicted by order of the East India Company in Holland in the Stadt House at Amsterdam''; E. Bowen, Sculpt.


References

;Attribution


External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bowen, Emanuel 1694 births 1767 deaths Welsh engravers Welsh cartographers Welsh geographers 18th-century Welsh people 18th-century cartographers 18th-century engravers